Citric Acid to Remove Stains | Experiment

Citrus extract to Remove Stains | Experiment Foundation AND PURPOSE: Knowledge about common dyes to expel stain might be valuable in our every day life. Common fades can be found in different sorts of organic products juice and some more. This green fades are more cordial to condition and less expensive than business item. Citrus extract is one of fading specialist that can be found in the citrus organic products, for example, lemon. This paper will examine on the way toward evacuating stains by citrus extract in various sort of organic product juices. The examination was centered around How does the kind of citrus organic products utilized influence the pace of response of stain removable? Since stains have various sorts, the adequacy of citrus extract on two kinds of stains (engineered and vegetable based stain) had been examined more in this examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The examination was led with various sort of natural products; lemon, lime, navel orange and pineapple. The time taken for the diverse kind of stain to be expelled by various sort of organic products had been recorded and be broke down to recognize the most best utilized as normal blanches. RESULTS: Even however the lemon juice is all the more prominently known as regular dye yet dependent on the investigation, the best utilized citrus natural product as blanching operator is lime and the citrus extract is best used to expel vegetable based stain. Chapter by chapter guide (Jump to) Presentation 1.0: Bleaches 1.1: Chemistry in Bleach 1.2: Mechanism of Bleaching 1.3: Rationale of Study 1.4: Significance of Study 1.5: Limitation of Study 1.6: Research Question Speculation Factors 3.0: Apparatus and Materials 4.0 Procedure and Analysis 4.1: Extraction of juices from citrus natural products 4.2: Citric corrosive assurance 4.3: Procedure for stain removable End Evaluation Presentation Dyes Dyes utilized worldwide in family to evacuate or decolorize stains which brighten or help the shade of garments. Artificially, dyes will breaks the stain atoms into littler particle that effectively be expelled. D.Noemia Souza (2008) expressed that fades are concoction that competent to brightening the textures and expelling stains by devastating shading matter. There are two sorts of response that include in dying. Regularly blanching process includes in oxidation procedures, for example, hydrogen peroxide and some include the decrease procedures, for example, sodium chlorite. Anyway in fading forms, the oxidation and decrease likewise can happen all the while. Blanching process for stains best when both an oxidative and a reductive dying advances cooperated and this alluded as full dying (J.M. Cardamone W.N. Marker, 1995) There are different kinds of dyes, and each sort of fade is explicitly utilized for specific sort of textures. The textures are unmistakable and whenever utilized with wrong blanch, the texture will wear out. Fixation, pH, time and temperature are the different conditions which are influence the activity of fade on textures. Science of Bleach Hydrogen peroxide is the most conspicuous blanch and normally utilized in business dyes. Be that as it may, as per D.Noemia Souza (2008), the most grounded fade is sodium hypochlorite while the most vulnerable is sodium chlorate and the hydrogen peroxide is milder. Sodium hypochlorite(Chlorine-containing oxidants) Normally, the sodium hypochlorite will contain 15-18% of chlorine (D.Noemia Souza, 2008). Under certain condition, the arrangement will disintegrate into sodium chlorite (eq1) which at that point responds with hypochlorite and produce the sodium chlorate (eq2). The sodium hypochlorite will experiences further response to discharge oxygen (eq3). In this manner it is delegated chlorine blanch 2NaOCl NaCl + NaClO2 (1) NaOCl +NaClO2 NaCl+NaClO3. (2) Generally condition: 3 NaOCl 2NaCl+NaClO3 (3) 2NaOCl 2NaCl+O2 (4) Hydrogen peroxide(preoxygen fade) Hydrogen peroxide fading will separates into H+ and per hydroxyl particles HOO-(eq1).The per hydroxyl particles is the dynamic fading specialist. Under antacid conditions it will discharge oxygen (eq2).Cotton would harm under this conditions as the blanching impact is moderate and the fading rate is quick. The activator and stabilizers are added to control this condition (J.M. Cardamone W.N. Marker, 1995). H2O2 HO2-+ H+.. (1) 2H2O2 2H2O +O2 (2) Hydrogen peroxide is a widespread fading and D.Noemia Souza (2008) said it is the main oxidizing fade that can be securely utilized on protein. System of Bleaching In view of ProcterGamble (2005) the way toward blanching is partitioned into two, which are; Separating the stain The stain comprise of particle chains covering the textures The sanitizer atom will break the stains into littler pieces After that procedure, blanch atom will vanish The stain is presently broken into littler pieces which can be effortlessly evacuated by the surfactant Decolorizing the stains The stains shading has its inception in the twofold bond associations At that point, the detergent will separate the security and convert it into single security, wiping out its capacity to ingest noticeable light. From that point onward, the detergent particles will vanish. When the twofold bond associations are separated, the stains isnt obvious any longer. Citrus extract as Natural Bleach Citrus extract is frail natural corrosive and one of the acids found in citrus organic products, for example, lime and lemon. It prevalently utilized in food modern as perservative. It additionally can go about as normal fading operator and a cell reinforcement. So it is valuable in our day by day life to expel stain or earth from texture and dye the spot. Citrus extract exist in many kind of vegetables and natural products yet progressively gathered in lime and squeeze where the dry load of citrus extract in organic product comprimise as much as 8 percent (sciencedaily.com).The grouping of cotric corrosive in organic products go from 0.005 mol/L for oranges to 0.30 mol/L in lemons and limes (Wiki.Org) Method of reasoning of the Study These days, a large portion of individuals like to utilize biodegradable item or green item. Particularly in current downturn economy, numerous individuals change to more affordable items. Utilizing citrus natural products as an elective approaches to expel stain is the acceptable decision. The inquiry that emerges here is what the criticalness of knowing which of the citrus natural products is best utilized in expelling stains? Essentialness of the Study Sodium hypochlorite (chlorine blanch) and hydrogen peroxide (oxygen fade) are incredibly well known in the market to brighten the textures and in stain removable. Be that as it may, there are a few detriments utilizing oxygen and chlorine dyes. The majority of them are unsafe whenever ingested or breathed in and ought to be utilized with care. Lindsay Evans (2009) additionally clarified the chlorine can cause negative wellbeing impacts. Furthermore, they are exorbitant and give an awful effect on our condition particularly streams and lakes environment. Chlorine that streaming into waterways or lakes will join with other synthetic to shape a steady compound where it will stay unaltered in groundwater for a long time (Wisconsin, 2010). Then again, citrus extract best uses as regular dyes since it does less mischief to nature of waterways and lake. Constraint of the investigation The entirety of the investigation will lead in the Mara College Serembans research center. The majority of the material, for example, citrus organic products; lemon, lime, navel oranges and pineapple and table salt are gotten from Carrefour Cheras in Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia. Along these lines, the entirety of the organic products are not in a similar degree of newness because of various condition during capacity that may influence the newness of the natural products. Other than that, the natural products probably won't originate from same tree and this will influence the grouping of corrosive in the organic products. Exploration Question The focal point of study is to research the capacity of citrus organic products as common fade to expel stain from texture. The fundamental target of this investigation is to distinguish which of the citrus organic products; lime, lemon, pineapple, and navel oranges is best utilized as fading specialist. So the exploration question of the investigation is How does the diverse sort of citrus natural product utilized; lime, lemon, pineapple, and navel oranges influence the pace of response of stain removable? The examination utilizes 4 distinct kinds of citrus natural products which are lime, lemon, pineapple, and navel oranges that will extricate into juice and include with table salt (sodium chloride). Speculation The exploration question of the investigation is How does the sort of citrus natural products utilized influence the pace of response of stain removable? The pace of response of stain removable is the most elevated at the most acidic arrangement. So the speculation is the most acidic organic product for this situation is lime or lemon as both contains high centralization of citrus extract. Factors Free Variable There are two free factors in this trial as the examination is partitioned into a few sections. The principal free factor is the various sorts of citrus natural product juices; lemon, navel orange, lime and pineapple. While the second autonomous variable is the distinctive sort of stains where manufactured stain (syrup) and vegetable stain(tomatoes) are utilized all through the examination. Subordinate Variable Pace of response to expel the stain from texture will be the reliant variable. The time taken will be record by stopwatch for the stain to decolorize. At that point by utilizing the diagram the inclination is figure out which speak to the pace of response. Fixed Variable The fixed factors are sort of material (cotton), volume of juice (5oml), temperature (100ã‹å ¡c) and volume (100ml) of water shower and amount of sodium hydroxide (3 teaspoon). The entirety of this material will be use in same amount all through of the examination. Mechanical assembly and Materials Material Amount Natural product juices (lemon, lime, navel oranges, and pineapples) 50 cm3 100 Ëå ¡c of water shower 100 cm3 Phenolphthalein Refined water 40 ml Table salt 1.0M of NaOH arrangement Dried KHP 3 teaspoon 10 cm3 1.0 g 4.0 Procedure and Analysis Planning of a roughly 0.1 M Sodium Hydroxide Solution followed by the Standardization of the Sodium Hydroxide Prior to testing the grouping of citrus extract, t

Otto Von Bismarck Essay Example for Free

Otto Von Bismarck Essay Otto Von Bismarck was made Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Prussia by I in 1862. He remained in power until 1890. His lead of international strategy somewhere in the range of 1862 and 1871 is one of the most captivating and complex pieces of the nineteenth century. It finished with the unification of Germany on eighteenth January 1871, under Prussian strength, with King William of Prussia being coroneted as Kaiser in Versailles. The German unification is conceivably the most significant and huge occasions ever, as it has had such a large number of impacts and outcomes over the entire world, and still does right up 'til the present time. One of the most generally discussed subjects of the nineteenth century is to what degree is Bismarck answerable for the unification. Essentially, was Bismarck’s international strategy increasingly about cognizant structure, or an approach as a matter of course to a great extent controlled by other key characters and occasions? A few people attempt and state that Bismarck was continually heading towards German unification, and that he had been arranging how to arrive from the start; however, Bismarck barely arranged a thing †he rather was simply truly adept at accepting things as they came. His fundamental point was to reinforce Prussia, and make it into a more grounded nation. A case of how Bismarck didn't arrange for what he did is the way he came to control. He was not chosen, so he was not arranging manners by which to pick up votes and so forth ; rather, he was out of nowhere launch from being represetative to St. Petersburg, and afterward Paris, to being chancellor of Prussia. Bismarck was additionally known for his character. It was this that at first got him to where he was. He was nicknamed ‘The Iron Chancellor†, and he fitted this name well indeed. In 1862, when William was declined cash by nonconformists to pay for his military, he took steps to relinquish, however was convinced to choose Bismarck as chancellor. Each and every individual who realized Bismarck realized him as being wild, and a harasser, a preservationist, a military man, and just like a ‘Machiavellian’. He was shrewd, conspiring, corrupt, awful, manipulative, computing, merciless, and mischievous, and furthermore truly adept at ad libbing. It was these things that William preferred about him, and Williams’s desires for Bismarck were accomplished. Following being placed in office, Bismarck suspended the constitution and gave the military the cash it required. Presently he was in charge of Prussia as it was developing and arriving at power. Another occasion that shows how Bismarck didn't design things is the Danish Crisis in Schleswig and Holstein in 1864. A few people say that Bismarck arranged this, and did it to get Austria included, and to be pleasant to her by giving her some land, however which he could take whenever as it was close to Prussia, and cause up rise. As a general rule, Denmark out of the blue endeavored to attach Schleswig and Holstein, and Bismarck just observed an opportunity to increase some land, regard, notoriety, and a little bit of leeway over Austria; he didn't beforehand design any of this, he just ‘played the cards he was managed well’ e. g. e wound up doing it with Austria †this made him look great before every other person, and furthermore calmed Austria into an incorrect feeling that all is well with the world. This was an initial move towards Bismarck considering how he could get an advantage over Austria. In spite of the fact that Bismarck didn't really design everything that he did, he was truly adept at playing what tagged along well, and pondering the entirety of the results of his activities, and how he could utilize what he had to further his best potential benefit; along these lines, he was an incredible man who was smart and fast reasoning, so we have not in the slightest degree been misdirected about him. It has frequently been said that Bismarck never implied for what the vast majority of what he did to occur, and that what he did was simply predominantly karma e. g. there was a remarkable recess of smoothness during his time. This implied he had the option to numerous things that he ought not have had the option to manage without gambling universal mediation. England is a genuine case of this worldwide smoothness. We were unquestionably increasingly worried about taking care of ourselves, and keeping our realm solid and affluent, than in occasions in Europe. The one thing that we had a view on, and it was a solid view, was that we despised France, and this wound up being useful for Bismarck at any rate. Austria and France were likewise quiet when Bismarck required them to be †after Austria lost the war, it took her a sensible measure of time to recoup, and Bismarck utilized this time shrewdly; France had recently been pounded during Napoleon Bonaparte’s triumph of Europe, and was abhorred by many, as was keeping out of sight for quite a while, and once more, Bismarck utilized this extraordinarily to further his potential benefit. A bunch people accept that Bismarck’s heritage is too huge to his benefit. As certain individuals state that he caused German unification without any assistance, since this was an immense occasion which had huge results and impacts, individuals naturally consider Bismarck being a more noteworthy and preferred individual over he really was, and that he moved history his much more than he really did. However, without Bismarck, karma and different things would not have been a large enough factor to cause German unification, thus he was required, and he was an incredible man. Bismarck is said to have brought together Germany, yet there are a few others who added to it more than individuals might suspect, who are frequently disregarded, and not all that notable. One of these individuals is Napoleon III of France. Napoleon III was an exceptionally frail, weak, futile and despicable ruler. At the point when he was restless to pick up pay and keep up France’s job as an extraordinary force, he was taking a gander at Bismarck and Prussia for anything to take hold of and assault, yet Bismarck gave him nothing to respond to. This simply rankled Napoleon much more, and made it simple for Bismarck to utilize Napoleon when he needed. Napoleon was such a feeble and horrendous ruler, that he consequently gave Bismarck a bit of leeway, as Bismarck could without much of a stretch control Napoleon, and stunt him into doing things that he didn't understand the outcomes of. Bismarck effortlessly bothered Napoleon deliberately, however he didn't go excessively far e. g. the Hohenzollem candidature, where Bismarck attempted to place a Prussian ruler in the Spanish seat. This would imply that Prussia would have an enormous favorable position, as France would be encircled by Prussia, and could even face battling on two fronts. Clearly Napoleon was incensed when he found out about this, yet Bismarck immediately pulled back the candidature, implying that Napoleon didn't act by any stretch of the imagination, and Bismarck looked great, as he had pulled back it ‘to be pleasant to France’. Napoleon didn't perceive what was going on, which implied that Bismarck could do nearly what he needed around him. Ludwig of Bavaria was a snag to Bismarck. He drove the greatest German state (aside from Prussia). At the point when Bismarck was making the entirety of the leader of the states consent to letting, recognizing, and going to William’s crowning liturgy of turning out to be Kaiser of Germany, Ludwig was the main individual to can't, yet Bismarck effortlessly got around this issue by going to a concurrence with Ludwig, which was that Ludwig would acknowledge the requests if Bismarck let him keep his luxurious postboxes. This was a significant triumph for Bismarck, as it was the finish of the extremely old territory of Bavaria, which had bunches of history, and nationalism, and was at one point an exceptionally solid force. Bismarck was controlled and determined what to do predominantly by William and furthermore by the preservationists and the working class citizens. William particularly had total authority over Bismarck. He had elevated him to chancellor. Prussia’s General (Moltke) was additionally significant. He was a sublime General, and drove Prussia’s armed force to its triumphs. Bismarck was not a military head, and without Moltke might not have done close to just as he did. Russia was greatly significant. She didn't intercede during Prussia’s wars against Denmark and Austria in 1864 and 1866. In the event that she had, Prussia would have presumably lost, prompting an entire diverse result; the war with Austria prompted the North German Confederation in 1867. Russia not even once prevented the new focal force from developing, despite the fact that it was given a lot of chances. This may have been a direct result of the Tsar. He generally censured Austria for his father’s passing, thus would not support her. Bismarck was helped on a few events by specific nations not mediating in 1870 with the war with France, Britain didn't intercede as she despite everything detested France, neither would Italy, as she owed her procurement of Venetia to Prussia’s triumph over Austria in 1866 and furthermore needed to get the French out of Rome; and Austria was all the while recuperating, and was kept down by Russia, who took steps to send in 300,000 men in the event that she got included. This implied Bismarck didn't should be terrified of battling on two fronts by any means. Additionally, without the realignment of the extraordinary forces that came about because of the Crimean War, German Unification would likely not have occurred. Bismarck himself even stated: â€Å"It all started with the Crimean War†. Albeit these individuals and occasions were significant, Bismarck was the principal key to the unification. Without him, it would not have occurred, so we have not in the least been hoodwinked †he was an extraordinary man who was the way in to the German Unification. At the point when Bismarck came to control, Prussia was going to its top in pretty much every manner. She had a splendid General (Moltke), she was industrializing she had astonishing railroads and weapons and she had a flourishing economy. Another assistance to Bismarck was the way that Prussia was truly a huge state. A few people accept that Bismarck didn't have to do a lot, and he simply progressed nicely, as it was a happenstance that he was in the perfect spot at the correct time. Yet, in spite of the fact that Prussia was getting along admirably at Bismarck’s time, it required Bismarck to unite everything, and get it going! Numerous peop

The Use of Persuasive Appeals

The Use of Persuasive Appeals Standing in the check-out line, I glanced at the rows of gum to my right. Instantly, my tongue slid across my front teeth. Had I forgotten to brush? Automatically, it seemed, my right hand closed over a package of Dentyne, and an echo rumbled in my head: Nine out of ten doctors recommend…When it comes to persuasion, our advertisers truly deliver the goods. A solid ad hits its audience, grabs their attention, hooks and lands itâ€"in thirty-seconds flat. So, while we might find many advertising approaches to be annoying, we must admit that they do work. They draw, in fact, upon two thousand years of sound rhetorical theory. So, using them for support when creating our own persuasive messages can be extremely effective.In the fifth century B.C., Aristotle wrote his three-volume Poetics, providing advice to those preparing to argue cases in Greeces courts. His second volume still serves as a striking study of human nature in which the philosopher outlines three basic types of appeals w hich can be used to motivate and persuade audiences. Aristotle labeled these persuasive appeals ethos, logos, and pathos. Marketing experts still apply them to their work, and writers charged with the task of creating persuasive messages can benefit from their use as well.EthosToday, we think of ethical practices as being right, just and true; and we think of ethical people as being of good character. Thus, using ethos or ethical appeals means relying on character or personhood as a means of persuasion. Using ethical appeals involves providing testimony from people that we admire, respect or like. Effective ethical appeals involve endorsement by quoting:Celebrities - people we admire and emulate because of their talent or fameExperts or authorities â€" people we respect because of their knowledge or positionsOur friends and neighbors â€" the people we like because they are just like usLogosLogical appeals are rooted in reason and proof. Using logos involves providing an audience wit h reasons for adopting a proposed attitude, belief, value or practice. Those reasons are then supported with evidence drawn from facts and figures, studies and statistics.PathosEmotional appeals are rooted in feeling. Emotional appeals tap our capacities for laughter and tears. Thus, using pathos involves providing illustrations and examples of peoples experiences as recounted in real life or literature.When we understand Aristotles basic appeals, it is easy to spot examples of their use in our media and apply them to our own persuasive messages. A word of caution, though, is important here. When advertisers use these appeals, they tend to use them exclusively. In a single print item or thirty-second spot, an advertiser will probably use only one type of appeal. In longer messages, though, the exclusive use of any one type can actually boomerang or backfire. When a writer seems to endlessly quote others, an audience begins to wonder if he or she has anything of his or her own to pro vide. Audiences generally have to work to fully grasp the meaning of statistics or scientific data; thus, their overuse can have a numbing effect.And, finally, too much emotion can result in maudlin or melodramatic messages that end up putting audiences at bay. The classical Greek principle of moderation and balance in all things is a wise one to follow when it comes to persuasion.So, when it comes time to place supporting material in your persuasive messages, look for a healthy balance of testimony, evidence, and illustration. After all, nine out of ten doctors recommend a balanced diet.

Advancement in Technology Increased the Use of Fossil Fuel

Throughout its existence, Earth has always satisfied the needs of living things. As time advanced, so did technology; which increased the use of fossil fuels, mechanics, and more of the Earth’s natural resources. Humans have left their mark in several ways such as, pollution, overpopulation, and deforestation. Though human efforts have been made to improve our ways of abuse to the earth, none could entirely secure the damage made. Pollution is, and has always been, a major issue in the world. It has affected the world on such an immense level that it is considered to be one of the main FUTURE challenges (SIKM 1). Pollution is the improper disposal of trash and waste items in an environment along with the admissions of chemicals. Though this seems like a minor situation, the disposal of trash builds up and contaminates the earth throughout time. There are 3 types of pollution; Trash (solid wastes), air/carbon, and water (occasionally noise/sound) (Uddin 1). In the past decade, pollution rates increased; some believe that it has something to do with the population rates as well. Overpopulation and the continuous population growth have contributed greatly to the earth’s human impact. Heavily overpopulated areas are considerably more corrupt because of their effects in the environment and their carelessness toward their own problems. (Cassils 2). As the numbers go up, so does the need for producing goods, the use of motorized vehicles, and the operation of buildings andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On Fossil Fuels1431 Words   |  6 Pageslargely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.† (Google Dictionary). Due to our dependence on fossil fuels as our main source for energy and our carbon dioxide emissions over decades, climate change has rapidly emerged on Earth. Yet, we still have those who deny any scientific evidence of the effect of the dependence on fossil fuels. 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Legalize drugs Essay example - 2773 Words

Such an issue stirs up moral and religious beliefs; beliefs that are contrary to what America should quot;believequot;. However, such a debate has been apparent in the American marketplace of ideas before with the prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s. With the illegality of alcohol the mafia could produce liquor and therefore had considerable control over those who wanted their substance and service. The role that the mafia played in the 1920s has transformed into the corner drug dealers and drug cartel of the 1990s. The justification that legalized alcohol under Amendment 21 in 1933 should also legalize drugs in 1996. With the legalization of drugs a decrease in deaths related to drug deals would occur and also the price would†¦show more content†¦Those who want to be controlled by a substance should have every right to do so, because this right has equal jurisdiction as any other human right that has emerged from the sea of oppression and persecuted freedoms. à  Ã…  the deaths resulting in the acquiring of alcohol have all but disappeared. When all non ©medical dealings in alcohol were prohibited in the United States in 1919, the results were very similar to todays drug trade. Alcohol oÔ quality was brewed illicitly; importers were considered criminals and behaved as such; protection rackets, bribes and gang warfare organized crime in the United States. (Boaz, p.118) The enforcement budget rose from $7 million in 1921 to $15 million in 1930 ©Ã‚ ©$108 million in 1988 dollars. In 1926, the Senate Judiciary Committee produced a 1,650 ©page report evaluating enforcement efforts a nd proposing reforms. 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To the contrary, the current policy of drug prohibition, aside from being ineffective and costly, has created a set of unwanted consequences including: a high prison population of non-violent offenders, corruption within law enforcement, health issues, and an erosion of civil liberties . Albert Einstein said, â€Å"Insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results.† Yet despite the failures of the current policy in deterring drug useRead MoreThe Social Benefits of Legalization of Marijuana1459 Words   |  6 Pagesis important for my research. â€Å"Marijuana is a mixture of leaves, stems and flowering tops of the hemp plant.†(Marijuana, 317). Today in most countries soft narcotics and especially narcotics like marijuana are illegal. Marijuana is a misunderstood drug that is thought of as dangerous but it isn’t. Because of people’s ignorance and gullibility marijuana has become illegal for all the wrong reasons and should be re-examined for legalization. Society today cannot understand that there has been a cultureRead MoreEssay on Medical Marijuana Should Be Legal2448 Words   |  10 Pagesmedical treatment has been a long drawn out battle between the U.S. Federal Government and the people petitioning for its therapeutic uses. The history on the use of marijuana (also known as cannabis) has been a big deterrent on legalizing this type of drug toda y. The controversy stems from the medical and legal implications that the U.S. Federal Government has towards the use of marijuana. Others controversies are associated to petitions filed to re-classifying marijuana (a controlled substance) forRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Drugs or Joining the Drug Addict Circle?552 Words   |  3 PagesOver the years, drug abuse has been a rising problem in almost every country in the world. Day by day more people are involved in this endless cycle of drug craving, money shortage, and drug related crimes. 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Status of women in ISLAM Free Essays

Outline woman-as vital to life as man himself Islam gives woman rights and privileges, never grated before Quran addresses men and women Jointly Modern woman seeks rights by force Woman has equal share In every aspect of life She is equal In responsibilities She is equal in pursuit in knowledge She is entitled to equal freedom of expression Islam determines her share in inheritance A misconception regarding this share her witness to civil contact Some advantages woman enjoys more than the man Veil-not a hindrance rather a blessing for woman Conclusion The status of woman In Islam constitutes no problem. The attitude of the Qur’an and the early Muslims bear witness to the fact that the woman Is, at least, as vital to life as man himself. Had it not been for the impact of foreign cultures and alien influences, this question would have never arisen among the Muslims. We will write a custom essay sample on Status of women in ISLAM or any similar topic only for you Order Now The status of woman was taken for granted to equal to that of man. It was a matter of course, a matter of fact. and no one. then. considered it as a problem at all. There is a lot of talk about woman’s rights in Pakistan and other Muslim countries these days. The Western media is projecting a very gruesome and poor plight of woman in Muslim countries with the intension of distorting the true image of Islam. Unfortunately, this propaganda is proving quite effective and the entire west and a small section of females in our society have misinterpreted Islam as being the cause of their troubles instead of the Aryan culture that we have inherited. In order to understand what Islam has established for woman, there is no need to deplore her plight in the pre- Islamic era or in the modern world ot today. Islam has given woman rights and rivileges which she has never enjoyed under other religious or constitutional systems. This can be understood when the matter Is studied as a whole In a comparative manner, rather than partially. The rights and responsibilities of a woman are equal to those of man but they are not necessarily identical with them. Equality and sameness are two quite different things. This difference Is unaerstanaaDle Decause man ana woman are not laentlcal out tney are created equals. With this distinction in mind, there is no problem. It is almost impossible to find even two identical men or women. Islam was revealed at time when people denied the humanity of the woman. Some were skeptical about it; and still others admitted it, yet considered the woman a thing created for the humble service of the man. With the advent of Islam, circumstances improved for the woman. The woman’s dignity and humanity were acknowledged for the first time. Islam confirmed woman’s capacity to carry out Allah’s commands, her responsibilities and observations of the commands that lead to the heaven. Islam considers woman as a worthy human being, with an equal share in humanity to that of the man. Both are two branches of a single tree and two children from the same father, Adam, and mother, Eve. The status of woman in Islam is something unique that has no parallel in any other religion. In the midst of the darkness that engulfed the world, the divine revelation echoed in the wide desert of Arabia with a fresh, noble, and universal message to humanity: â€Å"O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife [Hawwa (Eve)], and from them both He created many men and woman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (An-Nisa:l)†. Stressing this noble nd natural conception, then the Holy Quran states: â€Å"He (God) it is Who did create you from a single soul and there from did create his mate, that he might dwell with her (in love)†. (Quran 7:189) In the early days of Islam when a girl was born, she was buried alive. This custom is still observed in Hinduism. However, the Holy Quran forbade this custom and considered it a crime like any other murder. The Holy Quran says: â€Å"And when the female (infant) buried alive- is questioned, for what crime was she killed? † (Quran 81:8-9) Far from saving the girl’s life so that she may later suffer njustice and inequality, Islam requires kind and Just treatment to her. The saying of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), in this regard, is following: â€Å"Whosoever has a daughter and he does not bury her alive, does not insult her, and does not favour his son over her, God will enter him into Paradise†. The Holy Quran provides us a clear- cut proof that woman is equal in all respects with man before Almighty God in terms of her rights and responsibilities. The Holy Quran states: â€Å"Every soul will be (held) in pledge for its deeds† (Quran 74:38) In terms of religious obligations, such as ffering daily prayers, fasting and pilgrimage, woman is no different from man. In some cases indeed, woman has certain advantages over man. For example woman can and did go into the mosque during the days of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and thereafter attending the Friday prayers is optional for them while it is mandatory for men. This is clearly a tender touch of the Islamic teachings because of the fact that a woman may be nursing her baby and thus may be unable to offer prayers in mosque. They also take into account the physiological and psychological changes associated with her natural female functions. The right of females to seek knowledge is not different from that of males. When Islam enjoins the seeking of knowledge upon Muslims, it makes no distinction between man and woman. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), said: â€Å"Seeking knowledge is mandatory for every Muslim†. This declaration was very clear and was implemented by Muslims throughout history. According to a hadith attributed to Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), he praised the woman of Madina because of their desire religious knowledge, â€Å"How splendid were tne women 0T tne Ansar; sname a a not prevent tnem Trom Decomlng learned In tne aith. † Under Islamic law, marriage was no longer viewed as a â€Å"status† but rather as a â€Å"contract†, in which the woman’s consent was imperative. The dowry, previously regarded as a bride-price paid to the father, became a nuptial gift retained by the wife as a part of her personal property. The Holy Quran clearly indicates that marriage is sharing between the two halves of the society and its objectives are emotional well-being and spiritual harmony. Its bases are love and mercy. The rules for married life in Islam are clear and in harmony with upright human nature. In onsideration of the physiological and psychological make-up of man and woman, both have equal rights and claim on each other, except for one responsibility, that of leadership. This is a matter which is natural in any collective life and which is consistent with the nature of man. How to cite Status of women in ISLAM, Papers Status of Women in Islam Free Essays Status of Women in Islam In the history of the world, Islam was the first religion and the first social system which recognized the human status of women and awarded them the highest dignity and honor. In addition, Islam granted women equal rights with men in every aspect, and abolished all discriminations on the basis of sex. According to the ancient Persians, woman was a symbol of filth and evil, and all wicked deities were represented as females. We will write a custom essay sample on Status of Women in Islam or any similar topic only for you Order Now During this period, in which women were deprived of all rights, Islam’s attempts to liberate them from this shameful position were expressed in Prophet Muhammed’s own words. These words are, ‘Woman is the equal of man and the other half of the society, He who respects his wife’s rights is a good Muslim’. In Islam, both women and men have the same status. In the words of the Quran God says â€Å"You are members, one of another. † There is no difference between men and women in regards status, rights and blessings both in this world and in the hereafter. Both are equal participants as the carrying out of the functions of daily living. God clearly defined and guaranteed the rights of women in the Quran so that they could no more be exposed to those wrongs, injustices and oppressions which had been inflicted on them since the beginning of the human species. In a nutshell, with the advent of Islam, circumstances improved for the woman. The woman’s dignity and humanity were acknowledged for the first time. Islam confirmed woman’s capacity to carry out Allah’s commands, her responsibilities and observation of the commands that lead to heaven. How to cite Status of Women in Islam, Papers

Studies on International Fiscal Law

Question: Discuss about the Studies on International Fiscal Law. Answer: Introduction: Residency test means the test based on the residential status of an individual. It is important to calculate the residential status of an individual. According to Australian Law if a person resides in Australia, he/she is considered as an Australian resident for taxation purpose. In this case, he does not require passing the residency test of the country. There are three judicial tests to calculate the residential status of an individual in Australia which are as below: The domicile test: The term domicile means a person has a permanent home in one country, i.e. in his home country. A person can be treated as an Australian resident if he is residing in the country by constructing or owning his home in Australia unless he satisfies that his permanent home is outside Australia. Test based on 183 days: According to Australian Law, if a person resides in the country for more than a period of 180 days during their financial year, either continuously or by taking breaks in the tenure, than the person in this case can be treated as the constructive residence of the country unless he satisfies that his permanent residence is outside the country, moreover, he dont have any intention to stay in the country permanently. Test based on Superannuation method: It is helpful for those people who work for the government of the country in Australia, i.e., the person who is involved in either civil services or any government services. The person can be treated as Australian residents if he is working overseas for his post. The person has to declare all the details of his income whether earned in the country or overseas. In the given case, Midoona does not satisfy any of the above-mentioned condition. To pass the domicile test she has a permanent place outside Australia but she does not own any place of residence in Australia. She leases an apartment in Alatai and pays the rent on weekly basis, so that she can save money when she was touring to England for her recording sessions. So, no intention of her can be seen regarding permanent residency. Hence, she is non-resident for the financial year 2015/16. Based on the criteria of 183 days: She arrives in the country on 2 July 2015, and left the country on 15 September 2015 [30+31+15=76 days]. She returned to Australia again on 1 April 2016 and stays in the country for some time. Therefore, the calculated days during this period are [30+31+30=91]. Total calculated days=76+91=167 days. She does not satisfy the second test also. Hence, non-resident for the financial year 2015/16. The Superannuation test of residency is not applicable on her because she is not involved in the governmental services of the country. She works as a karaoke singer in the hotel. To conclude Midoona fails to satisfy all the three conditions of the residency test, hence, the income, which she earns in the country, is not taxable in Australia. Calculation of Midoonas tax liability in the 2015/2016 income year: According to Australian Law total income of an individual can be calculated based on three sources of his income, which includes income from business, income from salary and wages and income from capital gains. It is the main source of income for the federal government because it accounts for more than 67%of the income tax of the country whereas the other tier of government collects 55% from the total source of the revenue. The slab rate of tax for an individual is about 45% whereas for the corporate sector it is @ 30%. The Australian Taxation Office collects the tax. The financial year starts from 1st July and ends on 30th June every year. The tax is calculated on the income of an individual by subtracting the allowable deductions under specified sections of the act. After making necessary changes to the gross income of an individual his net income or the assessable income can be ascertained. The slab rate of tax for a resident in the country is as follows: Taxable income Till $18,200 From $18,201-$37,000 From $37,001-$80,000 From $80,001-$180,000 From more than $180,001 Tax on income Nil 19c for each dollar earned above $18,200 $3,572+32.5c for each dollar above $37,000 $17,547+37c for each dollar above $80,000 $54,547+45c for each dollar above $180,000 Tax rate 0% 0%-9.7% 9.7%-21.9% 21.9%-30.3% 30.3%-44.9 %( less than 45%) On the other hand the slab rate of tax for the income earned by a non-resident individual in the country are as follows: Taxable income Up to $80,000 From $80,001-$180,000 Above $180,001 Tax on income @of 32.5c for each dollar $26,000+37c for each dollar above $80,000 $63,000+45c for each dollar above $180,000 In the given problem, Midoona visited the country on 2nd July 2015 to commence her tour known as like a popstar in the country with her 3 children. The tour was very successful and she earns $450,000 from this tour. Her operating expenses for this tour are $ 380,000. She earns $15,000 as appearance fees for the show The Affairs of Today. On 15 August 2015, she completed her final tour in Adelaide and went for a trip to Australian outback. At Darwin, she enters into a trivia competition at Imperial Hotel. She earns $500 as cash and $500 as weekend package to Alatai. She left the country and returned to England on 15 September from Darwin. She visited Darwin again on 1 April 2016. There she won cash prize of $200 by participating in a competition at Grand Hotel. She earns $45,000 as karaoke host in Darwin. She receives $2,500 as tips from her customers. She deposits this amount to her children account as their pocket money. She spends $1,000 for two dresses, which is essential for her job. She spends $450(150*3) to purchase stilettos for her job. She spends $200 for subscription in the magazine Karaoke Queen so that she can improve her Karaoke skills. She also spends $500 for subscription to the Karaoke Australia Organization. Calculation of taxable income of Midoona for the year 2015/16 Particulars Income from tour in Australia in the year 2015 Operating expenses Appearance fees Amount received in cash from trivia competition Amount received in kind from trivia competition Amount received in cash from Grand Hotel Amount received by giving service as karaoke host Amount received as tips from customer Amount spend on costumes Amount spends on shoes used for working purpose Amount spends on the subscription of the magazine Amount spends on the subscription of Karaoke organization Amount $450,000 $380,000 $15,000 $500 $500 $200 $45,000 $2,500 $1,000 $450 $200 $500 Reason Foreign resident To be deducted from total income To be included in total income Exempt under sec. ITAA97 Exempt under sec.ITAA97 Exempt under sec.ITAA97 Taxable Taxable Deducted from income Deducted from income Deducted from income Deducted from income Taxable 450000 380000 15000 Nil Nil Nil 45000 2500 1000 450 200 500 Taxable income=$70,630 [Note: for calculation see the appendix below] Discussion for the justification for the inclusion/exclusion of each item in the tax payable calculation above: According to Australian Law there are certain implications which a person has to follow for the purpose of taxation which are as below: If a person does not have a permanent home outside Australia, than, the person is to be treated as Australian resident for taxation purpose. If a person, visits Australia for more than a period of six months and he lives at same place for that period than the person is to be treated as Australian resident. But in this case Midoona has a permanent home in UK, moreover, her period of stay was less than 180 days during the year. On the other hand there are certain other criteria based on which a person can be treated as foreign resident for taxation purpose: If a person visits Australia for more than a period of six months and he keeps on travelling during that period than in this case he is treated as a foreign resident for taxation purpose. If a person visits the country for holiday purpose or for a period which is less than a period of six months than he is to be treated as a foreign resident for taxation purpose. In case, if you are a foreign resident than the income which you earned in Australia should not be declared as a foreign income for taxation purpose. In some cases, it depends on the taxation treaty of the other country. It means if the country has some set up with Australian taxation law than the person is liable for tax in both the countries. For example, if a person earns some income in the UK and he is the permanent resident of Australia. If UK has, any set up with Australia than the person can pay the tax either in his own country or in UK. In the given problem, no further information regarding the taxation treaty is seen so it is assumed that there is no taxation treaty among the country. Therefore, whatever she earns in the country will be treated as foreign income and are chargeable to the taxation purpose in UK only. In certain, similar cases like Martin v FCT (1954) 90 CLR 470; Evans v FCT (1989) 20 ATR 922; 89 ATC 4540; Babka v FCT (1989) 20 ATR 1251; Brajkovich v FCT (1989) 20 ATR 1570. The High Court decision in FCT v Stone 2005 ATC 4234; [2005] HCA 21 the court opined that there is a difference in between the income earned as a profession and income earned from hobby. In the given case Midoona earned her income as a profession instead of hobby. Hence chargeable for taxation purpose. References: Ato.gov.au. (2016).Home page | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/ [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. Aziz, O., Gemmell, N., Laws, A. (2013). The distribution of income and fiscal incidence by age and gender: some evidence from New Zealand.Victoria University of Wellington Working Paper in Public Finance, (10). Aziz, O., Gemmell, N., Laws, A. (2015). Income and Fiscal Incidence by Age and Gender: Some Evidence from New Zealand.Review of Income and Wealth. Burnett, C., Taylor, C. J., Wong, J. (2015). Qualification of Taxable Entities and Treaty Protection: National Report for Australia.CAHIERS DE DROIT FISCAL INTERNATIONAL: STUDIES ON INTERNATIONAL FISCAL LAW,99. Burton, M. A. (2013). The interpretation of tax legislation in Great Britain and Australia-a study of the indeterminacy of law. Butler, D. (2016). Superannuation: Changing SMSF trustees-tips and traps.Taxation in Australia,50(10), 620. Correaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Velez, I., Barnett, A. G., Gifford, S. (2015). Working for a better life: Longitudinal evidence on the predictors of employment among recently arrived refugee migrant men living in Australia.International Migration,53(2), 321-337. Grubert, H., Altshuler, R. (2016). Shifting the Burden of Taxation from the Corporate to the Personal Level and Getting the Corporate Tax Rate Down to 15 Percent.National Tax Journal,69(3). Hathaway, N. (2013). Imputation Credit Redemption ATO data 1988-2011.Where have all the credits gone. Higgins, C. (2016). Status Determination of Indochinese Boat Arrivals: A Balancing Actin Australia.Journal of Refugee Studies, fev036. Koslowski, R. (2014). Selective migration policy models and changing realities of implementation.International Migration,52(3), 26-39. Lang, M. (2014).Introduction to the law of double taxation conventions. Linde Verlag GmbH. Long, B., Campbell, J., Kelshaw, C. (2016). The justice lens on taxation policy in Australia.St Mark's Review, (235), 94. Phillips, J. (2013).Asylum seekers and refugees: what are the facts?. Canberra: Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia. Richardson, G., Taylor, G., Wright, C. (2014). Corporate Profiling of Tax-Malfeasance: A Theoretical and Empirical.Citation: Richardson, G. and Taylor, G. and Wright, C, 359-382. Woodward, A., Taylor, M. (2015). Mergers and acquisitions: How clear is your exit?.Taxation in Australia,49(10), 635.